Japanese Mythology: The Subaru Star Cluster – A Celestial Legend
Introduction to the Subaru Star Cluster in Japanese Mythology
The Subaru star cluster, known in Western astronomy as the Pleiades, is one of the most recognizable celestial formations visible to the naked eye. In Japanese mythology and culture, this cluster holds deep spiritual and symbolic significance, influencing folklore, Shinto beliefs, and even modern-day branding.
The name “Subaru” (昴) translates to “unite” or “gather together” in Japanese, perfectly reflecting the appearance of the cluster as a tightly knit grouping of stars. This celestial formation has been revered throughout history, not only in Japan but across many ancient civilizations. However, Japan’s unique mythology and cultural interpretations of the Subaru constellation make it a fascinating subject of study.
In this article, we will explore the mythological origins, spiritual significance, artistic representations, and contemporary influence of the Subaru star cluster in Japan.
Origins of the Subaru Myth in Japan
Astronomical Significance in Ancient Japan
In ancient Japan, sky-watching was an essential part of agriculture, navigation, and spiritual practices. The Subaru cluster was particularly important due to its role as a seasonal marker—its heliacal rising (the first visible appearance before sunrise) signaled the coming of winter. This made it an essential celestial guide for farmers, sailors, and Shinto priests.
The earliest records of the Subaru cluster in Japan can be traced back to Nihon Shoki (日本書紀, “Chronicles of Japan,” 720 AD) and Kojiki (古事記, “Records of Ancient Matters,” 712 AD), which contain Shinto cosmology and early Japanese mythology.
Subaru and the Tale of the Six Sisters
Japanese mythology often describes the Subaru cluster as a group of celestial maidens or sisters. The number of visible stars in the cluster (typically six) has inspired the story of six celestial princesses, daughters of a powerful deity.
These sisters are said to be the daughters of Ame-no-Minakanushi (天之御中主神), one of the primordial Shinto deities who played a role in the creation of the universe. The sisters were sent to the heavens to watch over travelers and ensure safe journeys for those at sea. This belief made the Subaru cluster a symbol of guidance and protection.
In some versions of the myth, the seventh sister was lost or hidden—an explanation rooted in the fact that while the Pleiades cluster actually contains seven bright stars, only six are typically visible to the naked eye.
Shinto Symbolism and Spiritual Beliefs
Subaru as a Symbol of Unity
In Shinto cosmology, celestial bodies often represent divine forces that influence the human world. The Subaru cluster’s tightly grouped stars symbolize harmony, unity, and interconnectedness, aligning with Shinto beliefs about the interwoven nature of all life.
Ties to the Kami (Shinto Gods)
Some scholars associate Subaru with the Tenkō (天候) kami, deities of weather and atmospheric phenomena, reinforcing its role as a celestial guide. Others connect it with Ame-no-Uzume (天宇受売命), the Shinto goddess of dawn and merriment, who is believed to have a cosmic connection to celestial bodies.
Rituals and Offerings
During ancient times, Shinto priests performed seasonal rituals when the Subaru cluster appeared prominently in the night sky. These rituals were meant to ensure good harvests, safe travels, and divine blessings. Even today, remnants of these traditions persist in certain Shinto shrines dedicated to celestial kami.
The Subaru Star Cluster in Japanese Art and Literature
The Subaru constellation has inspired countless works of Japanese poetry, paintings, and traditional storytelling. In Heian-period poetry (794–1185), the Subaru cluster is often a metaphor for fleeting beauty, love, and destiny. Many waka and haiku poems reference Subaru as a symbol of impermanence (mujō, 無常), reflecting the Buddhist influence in Japanese thought.
The Tale of Genji (源氏物語) and Subaru
One of Japan’s greatest literary works, “The Tale of Genji” (Genji Monogatari), makes poetic allusions to the Subaru cluster. The stars are used to depict moments of longing, nostalgia, and celestial fate in the narrative.
Subaru in Ukiyo-e and Traditional Paintings
During the Edo period (1603–1868), famous ukiyo-e artists such as Hokusai and Hiroshige depicted celestial bodies, including Subaru, in their woodblock prints. These artworks often carried Shinto-Buddhist symbolism, emphasizing the spiritual connection between nature and the cosmos.
Subaru in Modern Japan: Influence on Culture and Branding
The Subaru Car Logo
One of the most well-known modern references to the Subaru cluster is the logo of Subaru Corporation (formerly Fuji Heavy Industries), the Japanese automobile manufacturer. The emblem features six stars, representing the five companies that merged under Fuji Heavy Industries, with the larger central star symbolizing the parent company. This branding reflects the ancient meaning of unity and harmony, staying true to its mythological roots.
Subaru in Anime, Manga, and Pop Culture
The Subaru cluster continues to inspire Japanese pop culture, frequently appearing in anime, manga, and video games. Some notable examples include:
• “Naruto” – The Hoshigakure (Hidden Star Village) in the Naruto series takes inspiration from Subaru, linking celestial myths to ninja culture.
• “Re:Zero – Starting Life in Another World” – The protagonist, Subaru Natsuki, bears the name of the star cluster, subtly referencing destiny and interconnected fates.
• “Gintama” – The anime references Subaru in cosmic-themed episodes, incorporating traditional star myths.
Conclusion: The Everlasting Legacy of the Subaru Cluster in Japan
The Subaru star cluster is more than just an astronomical phenomenon in Japan—it is a cultural and spiritual symbol that has shaped mythology, religion, art, and even modern branding. Its representation in Shinto beliefs, ancient texts, poetry, and contemporary media illustrates how celestial myths continue to influence Japanese identity.
Whether viewed as a divine gathering of celestial maidens, a guiding light for travelers, or a representation of harmony and unity, the Subaru star cluster remains an enduring legend in Japanese mythology. Even today, as we gaze upon the same stars that inspired ancient storytellers, we connect with the timeless narratives that have shaped Japan’s celestial heritage.